The Rewards System Of Science - 1895 Words

In this paper I will summarize Merton’s description of the rewards system of science. I ask, â€Å"What should a good rewards system look like?† I make a normative proposition that we ought to completely separate the laboratories and businesses that provide the tools for scientists from the scientists themselves. I envision a style of science that allows individuals and teams of scientists to engage in open-source science that allows them to contract out their skills to particular institutions and groups that need a scientific service. I ask not what is good for science, but what is good for scientists? Feyerabend was right to point out the fact that Kuhn might be ignoring individual scientists in his pursuit for a structure of science. While Feyerabend was concerned with what happens to the morals of scientists and Kuhn was concerned with the general structure, I want to explore what would be best for both science and scientists. This will be a restructuring of the rewards system. Merton claimed that the basic currency for scientific reward is recognition (Godfrey-Smith 123). He argues that the best reward is being the first person to come up with an idea. Merton also claims that this is the only property right in science. The best case scenario is having an idea named after one’s self; i.e. Darwinism, Planck’s Constant, and Boyle’s Law. Merton gives examples that give credence to his idea of a rewards system. He discusses the altercations between Newton and Hooke, and NewtonShow MoreRelatedBa sic Motives Behind Academic And Industrial Science1371 Words   |  6 Pagesand Industrial Science and the Differences in Their Practice Zahra Hussaini Griffith University Academic and industrial science are organisations in which research and development (RD) is carried out, albeit with different motives and practices. The purpose of this paper is to compare the key drives, or basic motives, behind the types of science and explain how they relate to the differences in their practice. Academic science, in simple terms, entails carrying out science in universitiesRead More Gambling and the Brain1523 Words   |  7 Pagesquestions may lie in the science of the brain. Some studies indicate that gamblers bet more after a loss because they are induced to fix an error. Their brains are telling them theyve made a mistake and that they need to correct it (1). These studies could possibly explain other risky acts. If you ask many people why gamble, their response is it is like a drug (5). Compulsive gambling is a behavior which may rely on brain circuits that evolved to help animals assess rewards important to their survivalRead MoreThe Amygdala And Reward By Dr. Scott G. Baxter1446 Words   |  6 PagesHealth, are perfect examples of why many professionals in the science and medical field should start to investigate the amygdala, an â€Å"almond-shaped group of nuclein† associated with emotion, due to it being one of the most important parts of the brain as it is what defines what people do in their everyday basis. Nature, one of the most respected journals in the scientific community, published Dr. Baxter and Dr. Murray’s â€Å"The Amygdala and Reward† on July 2002 Nature Publishing Group arguing through ethosRead MoreEffects of Listening To Music Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesThe first article, The rewards of music listening: Response and physiological connectivity of the mesolimbic system, discussed the neurological and neurochemical respon ses to listening to pleasant and unpleasant music. The experiment was composed of thirteen right-handed individuals, six males and seven females, between the ages of 19 and 23, none of which has any specialized musical training. Each participant was played 20-25 second clips of classical music and scrambled classical music. To scrambleRead MoreEssay Burrhus Frederic Skinner1132 Words   |  5 Pagesand a human’s own behavior brings consequences that change his or her actions (B. F. Skinner). Dr. B.F. Skinner forged the theory of Behaviorism, â€Å"a school of psychology that rejects the unobservable and focuses on patterns of responses to external rewards and stimuli† (Skinner, B. F.). Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born March 20, 1904, and raised in Susquehana, Pennsylvania, where his father worked as a lawyer and his mother was a strong and intelligent housewife (Boeree). Skinner’s parents encouragedRead MoreUses And Uses Of Increase Motivation On Education, Health, And Research1066 Words   |  5 Pagesto increase motivation in education, health and research. Gamification is an important and useful tool used today across many disciplines including education, health and research. It combines play and game design with systems or programs using rules, challenges, and rewards motivating users to engage in traditionally non-gaming environments. This essay discusses the definition of gamification, how it is used in education, health and research to increase motivation, and the limitations of thisRead MoreThe Determinants Of Employee Performance Essay877 Words   |  4 Pages2007). Employee Compensation is the same thing as employee reward. While employee reward is about how people are rewarded in accordance with their value to the organization, employee compensation according to Rynes, S. L., Gerhart, B., Minette, K. A., (2004). consist of pay and other economic and intangible benefits provided to the employees of an organization in return for the services rendered by them. Thus, compensation is the reward given to employees for utilizing their effort and productivityRead MoreHow Teachers Reinforce The Kiddos For Good Behavior865 Words   |  4 Pages Each teacher has their own rewards system. I have witnessed a rainbow chart, a marble system and a stick chart. I have also noticed that many of the teachers do multiple activities with a lesson in hopes that the information will reach the kiddos long term memory. The teachers use verbal lessons, hands on activities and written reflections. Each class has their rules and what is considered appropriate behavior. It has been interesting to see how each teacher rewards their students and how they makeRead MoreContrast the essential differences between the best-fit and the best-practices compensation model. Which do you think is more suitable for Egyptian organizations?997 Words   |  4 Pagesto the specific policy area of reward systems. Each approach attempts to explain the way that HR policies in general and reward policies in particular can lead to greater organizational effectiveness. The best fit perspective claims that a firms reward system should be aligned to support the organizations business strategy in order to achieve competitive advantage. Best practice advocates claim that there is a bundle of HR policies including the reward system that lead to highly motivated andRead MoreBehaviorism Theory On The Theory Of Behaviorism Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the theories we have studied this semester in Knowing and Learning in Mathematics and Science is the Behaviorism theory. The behaviorism theory states that behaviorism is a theory on learning that only concentrates on noticeably observable behaviors and disregards any independent activities of the mind. The Behaviorism theory was brought up by Burrhus Frederic Skinner. He based this theory on operant conditioning. This theory has a reinforcing stimulus which can be modified into continuous

Analysis Of Ronald Aker s First Social Learning Theory

Theoretical Background Social Learning Theory Ronald Aker’s first social learning theory article was first published as a way to explain Sutherland’s claim the â€Å"Criminal behavior is learned† (Willams McShane, 2014). Aker believed that most deviant behavior is learned through social interaction. The main components of Aker’s social learning theory focused on differential association, definitions, differential reinforcement, and imitation. A study performed by Kim Lersch (1999) found that social learning theory can reliably account for learned deviant behaviors such as educational deception. Differential association. Differential association was first defined by Sutherland (1949) to mean â€Å"the contents of patterns presented in association† with others varies from person to person. Therefore, determining whether someone is more likely to commit academic or research misconduct is primarily based on social interactions amongst their peer groups. According to Eric Anderman and Tamera Murdock (2007), the disapproval from peers has a large impact on the decrease of academic misconduct. Melissa Anderson, Karen Louis, and Jason Earle (1994) found links between socialization and research misconduct. It would be appropriate to view faculty members as the dominant arbitrators who instruct and socialize students into the academic research culture. Definitions. Individuals develop attitudes regarding deviant behavior based on their close relationships with different peer groups. TheShow MoreRelatedSerial Killers And The United States1743 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause they want to. Rehabilitation is not obtainable for serial killers due to their inability for remorse and empathy, or to see people as people and not objects(Knight 2006). This research paper will focus primarily on serial murder within the U.S. First and foremost, a legal definition provided by the U.S. Department of Justice will be presented to set forth the discussion of this research paper. As follows will be a detailed discussion explaining serial killer typologies with the use of examplesRead MoreSociological View on Deviance and Drug Use Essay8777 Words   |  36 Pagesdrug use that we do not already know? If there is anything distinctive about the sociologist view, it is their emphasis on social context. One of the central ideas of all human experience is meaning. Meaning is something imposed and socially made-up, and has two features: it is both external and internal. Meaning is assigned externally to objects and behavior by social cooperation. But it is also assigned by the individual (internal): it is arrived at as a result of a private act of choosingRead More Differential Association Essay3062 Words   |  13 Pagesof crime that emphasized human behavior as determined by social and physical environmental factors, rather than genetic or personal characteristics. (Gaylord, 1988:7-12) With his studies completed he began work at the University of Minnesota from 1926 to 1929 where his reputation as a leading criminologist was enhanced. At this time, his focus became sociology as a scientific enterprise whose goal was the understanding and control of social problems, including crime. (Gaylord, 1988:13) After hisRead MoreEssay on Criminological Theories13456 Words   |  54 PagesStudent Study Guide for Ronald L. Akers and Christine S. Sellers’ Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Applications Fourth Edition Prepared by Eric See Youngstown State University Roxbury Publishing Company Los Angeles, California 1 Student Study Guide by Eric See for Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Application , 4th Edition by Ronald L. Akers and Christine S. Sellers Copyright  © 2004 Roxbury Publishing Company, Los Angeles, CaliforniaRead MoreEssay Homicide in Puerto Rico2720 Words   |  11 Pages3 Statement of the problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Social Disorganization Theory of Crime†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 The Social Learning Theory of Crime†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Abstract In recent years Puerto Rico has shown staggering homicide rates, establishing the cause(s) for this development would be the first step in resolving the dilemma. Researching an assortment of criminological theories, history and statistics should be used to explainRead MoreCriminological Theories And Theories Of Criminal Behavior Essay1906 Words   |  8 PagesCriminological Theories Criminological theories (also known as theoretical criminology), according to Schmalleger (2015), is the â€Å"subfield of general criminology that posits explanations of criminal behavior.† (p. 13) There are many theories under this subfield that exist to help people have a better understanding of a criminal s actions as well as put some justification behind them. There are six different schools that fall under criminological theories. These schools are: Classical School, Biological/BiosocialRead MoreControl Theory15246 Words   |  61 PagesUniversity of Arizona Author of Social Bond Theory Hirschi’s Two Theories and Beyond T ravis Hirschi has dominated control theory for four decades. His influence today is undiminished and likely will continue for years, if not decades, to come (see, e.g., Britt Gottfredson, 2003; Gottfredson, 2006; Kempf, 1993; Pratt Cullen, 2000). Beyond the sheer scholarly talent manifested in his writings, what accounts for Hirschi’s enduring influence on criminological theory? Three interrelated considerationsRead MoreExplain Juvenile Delinquency in Terms of Hirschi†S Social Bonding Theory, with Special Reference to the Case Study6009 Words   |  25 PagesDELINQUENCY IN TERMS OF HIRSCHI†S SOCIAL BONDING THEORY, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CASE STUDY Table of Contents Content Introduction Overview of Travis Hirschis Social Bond Theory Applying Hirschi’s Social Bonding Theory to the Case of Susan Fryberg Critique of Self-Control Theory Summary Conclusion References Introduction In this assignment I will try to explain juvenile delinquency in terms of Hirschi’s social bonding theory, with special referenceRead MoreThe Role of the Death Penalty on Preventing Future Crime Essay8133 Words   |  33 Pageseffect that increases the level of violence in our society. It may in fact raise, not lower, murder rates. How could the threat of death fail to prevent -- and possibly even cause -- violence? To understand this phenomenon, we must look at the theory of general deterrence, especially as it relates to the death penalty. The idea of deterrence assumes that: 1. Each of us decides our actions by weighing the cost of these actions against the benefits. When the cost -- in this case the threatRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesshould arouse keen student interest, and may even inspire another generation of entrepreneurs. A fair number of the older cases have faced significant changes in the last few years, for better or for worse, and these we have captured to add to learning insights. After so many years of investigating mistakes, and more recently successes also, it might seem a challenge to keep these new editions fresh and interesting. The joy of the chase has made this an intriguing endeavor through the decades

When the darkness falls and there is no light, eve Essay Example For Students

When the darkness falls and there is no light, eve Essay 1rything seems to change. In the dark all evil is disguised, the dark night strangles the traveling lamp. This traveling lamp is the sun, or light of the world. Shakespheare explores this idea in his tragic play, Macbath. Just as a persons mood changes with the raising and setting of the sun, the mood of the play also changes. The three witches or the weird sisters bring a dark feeling to the play. When the audience thinks all hope is lost, the sun comes up again and everything is brought back to sanity. The truth is hidden in the night sky until the sun raises to uncover it. This theme of light and dark is displayed through candles, the sun, and the three witches.Come, thick night, And pull thee in the dunnest smoke of Hell, That my knife see not the would it make, Nor Heaven peep through the blanket of dark to cry Hold, hold!' This is Lady Macbeth calling upon the night to hide her and her husband while they kill the king. Why would she do this? Wouldnt it be just as easy to kill a man during the day? No. This is because the darkness brings on an eerie feeling, a feeling of invincibility. This is a time to do the nights great business. In this hour black Macbeth prepares himself to kill Duncan. Lady Macbeth requested that this lifelong night have no stars and this was granted. There is no fun going to a haunted house during the day, and no one would plant a garden at night. There is a time and place for everything-including light in this tragedy. In act five Lady Macbeth enters with a candle. She has light by her continually, tis her comand. This light symbolizes the truth. As she is sleepwalking with this candle she is speaking the truth about Duncans 2murder. Later on in the act a candle is used to symbolize life. The phrase Out, out, brief candle! is used during Macbeths soliloquy of how there is no meaning to life. Even though the candle symbolizes light, life, and truth, there is an even bigger, brighter symbol used by Shakespeare. The sun is the most evident symbol of light in this Shakespearean work. This is used for the obvious reason that the sun brings light and daybreak. The sun can also be a symbol for life because as the sun gins his reflection people wake-up and come back to life. Good things are related to the sun. Songs, the spring and summer months, and plants in full bloom are just a few things the sun provides us with. Therefore when we hear Lady Macbeth say, Oh never shall sun that morrow see! we become a little scared and uneasy. Towards the end of the play Macbeth says I gin to be aweary of the sun. Since the sun symbolizes light and light symbolizes the truth, we can assume the sun symbolizes the truth. This statement means Macbeth was afraid of the truth. It was, however, understandable for Macbeth to be afraid of the truth because shortly after the sun came up he was killed. Along with the sun there is also a symbol for darkness in Macbeth. The set of sun brings the dark night and all of its inhabitants. When we first meet the three witches there is a storm. This immediately gives us a dark feeling. As they speak we find out that they only meet under the worst of circumstances. During their second meeting they discuss where they have been. One response was killing swine. This gives us a dark and dismal picture of the witches. When they meet Macbeth and tell him that he is going to be king, evil thoughts begin to 3stir in his head. .u3707d23e93fb91a6900ce3a28adb17e1 , .u3707d23e93fb91a6900ce3a28adb17e1 .postImageUrl , .u3707d23e93fb91a6900ce3a28adb17e1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3707d23e93fb91a6900ce3a28adb17e1 , .u3707d23e93fb91a6900ce3a28adb17e1:hover , .u3707d23e93fb91a6900ce3a28adb17e1:visited , .u3707d23e93fb91a6900ce3a28adb17e1:active { border:0!important; } .u3707d23e93fb91a6900ce3a28adb17e1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3707d23e93fb91a6900ce3a28adb17e1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3707d23e93fb91a6900ce3a28adb17e1:active , .u3707d23e93fb91a6900ce3a28adb17e1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3707d23e93fb91a6900ce3a28adb17e1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3707d23e93fb91a6900ce3a28adb17e1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3707d23e93fb91a6900ce3a28adb17e1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3707d23e93fb91a6900ce3a28adb17e1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3707d23e93fb91a6900ce3a28adb17e1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3707d23e93fb91a6900ce3a28adb17e1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3707d23e93fb91a6900ce3a28adb17e1 .u3707d23e93fb91a6900ce3a28adb17e1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3707d23e93fb91a6900ce3a28adb17e1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Prostitution Essay It is not known if the secret, black, midnight hags caused Macbeth to kill Duncan, but it is certain that they were not against the idea. Throughout the witches spells and magic they made references to darkness. They also state that they never meet under the sun. In some religions witches are associated with the devil. The

Mr Essays (799 words) - Environment, , Term Papers

Mr A Deeper Look at Globalization Its a word we hear almost everyday while watching the news, reading the paper, or even in our day-to-day conversations. It is associated with both good and bad, and for better or worse, we are inevitably involved in its transformations. Globalization has been a popular discussion and has been intensively discussed even though it is a relatively recent idea. Given its sudden emergence, it can be a term that isnt quite understood and there are people who are completely against it. Yes, there are... Why two different Chambers? I believe we have two different chambers for many reasons. There are two that I think is important or at least they should be important. Those reasons are peace and equality. Peace should be one of them because it will cut back on a lot of debates and arguing amongst themselves. Two different people, two different houses you get two different sides and hearings. I don't think anyone can make a right decision with so much drama going on. Secondly, equality should be another. Say for instance, th... Why we have a House and a Senate Why do we have two chambers in Congress, the House and Senate? Since members of both are elected by, and represent the people, wouldn't the lawmaking process be more efficient if bills were considered by only one body? While it may appear clumsy and often overly time-consuming, the two-chamber or "bicameral" setup of Congress works today exactly the way a majority of the Founding Fathers envisioned in 1787. Clearly expressed in the Constitution is the Founders' belief that power should be sha... China Introduction and Literature Review China and Sudan have a historical trading partnership dating back to the early 1950s, while the oil partnership, one of the most important aspects of the bilateral relations, was begun in the 1990s amid war and tumult. The Chinese government has largely maintained its policy of non-interference in the nation, which helped to strengthen the bilateral partnership. The main purpose of China... Illegal Immigration Jeffrey Moultrie October 19, 2012 Illegal Immigration Illegal immigration uses taxpayers money and they don... Presidential Election Process The War on Terror has been a topic of debate since 2001. After the attack on the World Trade Centers, America embarked on a mission to protect our freedom and protect our Nation. There is more than just one side to this story, as is all stories. To America, the war is to ensure we are physically safe from terrorist attacks. To who we are fighting, it can be called a holy war. This is a quote from a speech given by George W. Bush addressing the war, ... Judicial Bias Between White and Blue Collar Punishment There are many ways punishment is differentiated between the rich and poor, pointing out that white collar crimes including theft involving millions of dollars often get far lighter sentences than blue collar crimes. Economically disadvantaged people are punished worse for their crimes than the wealthier members of society. Criminals often receive preferential treatment and lighter sentences than blue collar criminals. There are many reasons this happens mainly due to their influence and high pa... On Dahl Introduction Democracy is a word commonly used in the justification for the United States of America interceding in international disputes for the sake of a certain country... Occupy Walstreet and Government What would you do? Most people think that in similar situations they would behave differently. The truth is most people would do whatever they had to, to maintain their best interest. In the movie ... Immigraion Abstract With millions of illegal immigrants already in the United States and at least half a million being able to gain access into the country annually, it is no doubt that they have an extensive effect on the country. It has been argued that illegal immigrants put a strain on the economy of the country and can be a social nuisance. They also have a major influence on the various decisions and policies that are made in the country. Whether the net effect of illegal immigration is positive or ... An Inconvenient Truth is Honest In the year 2000, Al Gore lost the presidential election against George W. Bush, terminating his political career. A few years after his unsuccessful campaign, Al Gore came out